Particle Shape Matters in Slurry Shield Tunnelling
Modelling flat bentonite particles as spheres over-predicts how deep slurry infiltrates the soil. Flat particles build a filter cake near the surface.
Application Notes
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How Many Spheres Does a Multisphere Particle Need?
Three or more spheres reproduce the bulk behaviour of a spherocylinder in seven tests. More spheres damp multi-contact collisions and need a smaller time step.
Burrowing Through Sand: Penetrator Simulations at Arizona State University
A virtual calibration chamber matches a documented cone penetration test, then shows why an expanding shaft makes penetration easier.